Paul Farmer About the Human Rights

Ideally, we can comprehend human rights as unassailable elemental rights that an individual is intrinsically entitled because he/she is a human-being. Also, we can perceive them as being egalitarian and universal. As a matter of fact, these rights can be deemed to be either legal rights or natural rights.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Paul Farmer About the Human Rights specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human rights are the basis of tranquility, self-determination and evenhandedness because they recognize equality, and inherent dignity all over the globe (Trostle, 2005). This paper will depict the call by Paul Farmer for the human rights to have a newer definition that will not disregard the most fundamental rights, such as health, all-foods, and shelter. To begin with, the disdain or disregarding of the fundamental human rights have led to acts that are barbarous, and which are capable of outraging the individua ls’ conscience as well as the globe’s advent that can permit an individual to enjoy the freedom of trepidation, freedom of talking; and freedom of basic needs like shelter, all-foods, and health. These human rights can be affirmed as the individual’s foremost priority. These essential rights ought to be included in newer definition of human rights. For instance, if an individual does not have a right to shelter, or health, or all-foods, then he/she is likely to become rebellious against being oppressed and autocracy. It can be vital if the rule-of-law protects this (Trostle, 2005). Actually, by profession, Farmer Paul was a Medical Anthropology Professor at Harvard-Medical school. He initiated Partners-In-Health. In his Pathologies-of-power book, he greatly employed consecrating stories about life-and-death in circumstances that were tremendous with the aim of interrogating how we can comprehend human rights. Also, as a physician and an anthropologist, Paul was an experienced worker with over 20 years as he had worked in a number of nations, such as Russia, Haiti, and Peru.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, Farmer argued that the current struggle for the essential and most vital human rights was to promote the social, as well as the economic rights of the poor individuals around the globe. The eyewitness accounts by Paul were passionate. These accounts came from the prisons of Russia and the two villages that were beleaguered, such as: the Chiapas villages; and the Haiti villages. In actual fact, these accounts were employed by Farmer in linking the affected victims to a wider scrutiny with regards to structural violence. Nevertheless, unadventurous thinking that was within the circles of human rights was challenged by Farmer as he tried to expose the correlations amid economical prejudice and politics, as well as the relati onship between the powerless and their ill-health and/or suffering (Farmer, 2003). Farmer was not only angry but also hopeful. This is because he was fervent as well as being authoritative at the same time. Vitally, the arguments by Farmer were elucidated as a request that was convincing in substantiating the human rights delineation not to disregard the most rudimentary rights, such as healthiness, all-foods, and shelter. This plea had a potency that was deemed to be special as it came from a great individual that had already portrayed the notion that, it is probable to have a universal dream as well as a human-rights definition that is comprehensive. Also, Farmer brought health, shelter, food, and hopefulness to a number of poorest individuals in the world (Farmer, 2003). While fighting for the newer definition of human rights, we can say that Farmer was not only charismatic but also luminous. He challenged individuals to face the 21st Century dogmatic and conjectural challenges t hat were regarded as being urgent. This was to be done by linking personified social agony with structural violence but in so doing, the human rights was to be defined afresh. While referring to Farmer’s book that was entitled Pathologies-of-Power, As Trostle puts it, â€Å"Once this book is out, we will no longer be able to remain complacently or rather complicity on the sidelines† (Trostle, 2005, p. 117).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Paul Farmer About the Human Rights specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Idyllically, in his arguments, Farmer gave a critique of the fanatical moral principles regarding a conformist. On the ground, he critiqued the relentless marching of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the drug-resistant tuberculosis amid those individuals that were very sick, the poor, and the imprisoned individuals. This notion illuminated that the worldwide economy had made a number of pathologies to lo se their soul. Paul clearly illustrated that the societal forces that were alike were capable of giving rise to endemic disorders, such as tuberculosis and HIV, which were also capable of sculpting risk for persons to violate human rights. Nonetheless, Farmer was also able to portray the manner in which gender inequality and racism, particularly in America, were embodied as being a disorder or demise or both. Farmer’s book is regarded as being milestone away from an inventory-of-abuse that is hopeless. The examples that Farmer used in his book correlated with a guarded sanguinity and thus, individuals needed new medical or/and social techniques so as to be able to implement/develop them with a more informed level-headedness as regards to social justice. If not, Farmer asserted that the individuals will not tackle structural violence but only deal with social inequality (Farmer, 2003). The urgent plea by Farmer was to perceive human rights in the milieu of the public health an d then consider eminence concerns that are critical and finally, guarantee that the poor individuals around the globe are able to access them. This concern should be fundamental as presently, the globe has been characterized not only by bizarre propinquity that is in excess, but also suffering. This present central dilemma was captured by Farmer Paul. This dilemma encompassed the societal well being and the escalating health discrepancies (Payer, 1996).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In view of the fact that all United Nations member countries had already deprecated the gross-violations of human rights that had been perpetrated by a number of individuals who were capable of torturing, murdering/killing or imprisoning another individual, we usually ignore the human-rights violations that are insidious, and which are as a result of structural violence, such as: the fiscal opportunity refutation, housing that is decent; accessibility to healthcare facilities; and accessibility to educational facilities. As thus, Farmer affirmed that, â€Å"Pathologies of Power makes a powerful case that our very humanity is threatened by our collective failure to end these abuses† (Farmer, 2003, p. 87). In conclusion, we can say that arguments by Farmer have assisted us in opening up our hearts and intellects. This is due to the fact that it has displayed itself as an engaged-scholarship model, as well as a call that is urgent, and which can motivate social scientists to be capable of forsaking their undemanding disregard for human-rights both at home and away from home. In reality, Farmer’s book has gathered both an activist’s potency and the strength of a thinker. References Farmer, P. (2003). Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights and the New War on the Poor. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Payer, L. (1996). Medicine and Culture. New York: Holt Paperbacks. Trostle, J. (2005). Epidemiology and Culture (Cambridge Studies in Medical Anthropology). Berwick: Cambridge University Press. This essay on Paul Farmer About the Human Rights was written and submitted by user Charity Beasley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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A Profound Commonsensical Notion Management Essay Essays

A Profound Commonsensical Notion Management Essay Essays A Profound Commonsensical Notion Management Essay Essay A Profound Commonsensical Notion Management Essay Essay a profound commonsense impression that would be sanely taken up by people in charge of any human endeavor in which work undertakings are undertaken and where there is a concern for that endeavor to go on into the hereafter as a feasible societal and economic unit. Many companies are using low-skilled work force, which leads to hapless outperforming, holds and losingss. In order to maintain its fight, every company should be carefully selective, when it comes down to its employees. Not qualified workers can be the administration a batch. A scenario like this happened at Utility Plc. While some packs could travel old ages without striking belowground public-service corporations when puting pipe, other packs hit electric, H2O, or gas services on a monthly footing. Given that all staff hold certifications of competency on the surface ( Macpherson, 2009 ) . Crucial point for the hereafter development of an administration is the employment of high-qualified workers, who will merely lend to the development of the company and its enlargement. As it is non ever possible to engage qualified work force, a company should fix the new staff member for the place. An illustration of an administration which has successfully adopted this pattern of HRM is the hotel concatenation Garland Hotels. The developing strategy involves the trainee working in at least three different hotels ( Pilbeam, 2010 ) . Such a long preparation procedure has high aims as: delivering high client service criterions, working as portion of the squad for each country, lending to staffing determinations, budgetary control and developing an all-around apprehension of the hotel concern ( Pilbeam, 2010 ) . A major job for some companies is the keeping of employees. The organisation is wholly at loss when the employees leave their occupation once they are to the full trained ( Employee Retention, article ) . Different grounds for turnovers may happen, but normally the chief ground is employees dissatisfaction. In order to forestall these instances, directors foremost need to seek the job and so seek to work out it. Bettering workers footings and conditions, or altering working agreements may be great get downing points. Purcell et Al. ( 2005 ) reported in a survey of early calling instructors that most common grounds for go forthing were work loads and working hours. A batch of people find their on the job clip inappropriate and even sometimes make up ones mind to go forth, because it do them more stressed in the procedure. Furthermore McGovern et Al. ( 2004 ) found groundss to propose that non-standard employment ( parttime, impermanent and fixed-term ) disproportionately increased workers exposure to bad occupation features ( low wage no ill wage commissariats, no pension strategy and no entree to recognized promotional ladder ) . Taking under consideration all these possible jobs, administrations should restrict to the HRM patterns, to do certain their employees do non hold a sensible alibi to go forth. Even unhappy about passing a batch of money on maintaining their workers, administrations should think the fact that in most of the instances it is cheaper to do some alterations alternatively of paying for new workers preparation or suffer losingss due to slackens in the production procedure because of a impermanent deficiency of work force. Another HRM pattern, that all modern-day administrations need to follow in order to work swimmingly is HR planning. The demand for strategic work force planning and executing of work force programs has neer been greater for administrations ( Lavelle 2007:371 ) . Contemporary companies need to follow HR planning, although work force planning is rather hard, because people have free will, unlike engineerings or capitals. It can be of critical importance for an administration to do short-run planning. It can non bring forth schemes, but it can do them operational by clear uping them, working out the effects of them, and placing what must be done to accomplish each scheme ( Torrington, 2011 ) . Nowadays, companies can non let holds in production, thinking the terrible competition on the market. Allowing holds can coerce the costumiers alter them with another, option, provider. Good planning can forestall this from go oning, so that companies will non see any clients grudge or even a po ssible client loss. However, programs should be viewed as flexible and reviewed on a regular basis, instead than being seen as an terminal point in the procedure ( Torrington, 2011 ) . It is important for administrations to construct trust in their employees, but trust demands to be earned. A batch of companies confine to rules as surveillance and punishments. Such attitude toward the employees puts them under force per unit area, or even worse, physiques in them a feeling of indifference. Inevitably it leads to low productiveness and severally holds. Companies need to follow Soft HRM in order to forestall dissatisfaction among their workers and maintain the administration operate swimmingly. HRM has its accent on developing and puting in human capital, fostering employee trueness and supplying good rewarded and fulfilling work ( Wilton, 2011 ) . A batch of employees are non happy with the provided working environment and frequently experience under force per unit area, caused by the sum of work they need to make for a truly short periods of clip. Furthermore, in most of the instances, even if they are motivated and make more work than they are supposed to, they s till will non be rewarded for this. That is why many people go to work with no desire or motive, strictly pressed by the demand of money. Research by Guest and Conway ( 2004 ) found, after the interview of one 1000 UK employees, that feelings of equity sing their intervention at work were low, but trust in senior directors was even lower. Administrations need to do certain that they provide a pleasant, friendly and supportive working environment in order to maintain their employees happy, so they can be more productive and devoted to the work. A perfect illustration is the state of affairs at Occam. Their managers are really clear on the civilization they want to keep as the company grows, which they have discussed with everyone: relaxed but professional working environment, larning from errors non faulting and basking work ( ULMS 151 ) . Many researches show that sometimes small is needed to do employees experience of import and unreplaceable, which leads to higher surpassing. A great illustration for this is the Hawthorne research, begun in the mid-1920s ( ULMS 151 ) . A group of employees working in a trial room were given some privileges that the other workers were non. Right now I could non inquire for anything better than I have. We are allowed to travel down and lie on the couch when we are tired or do non experience good, and the matron was told non to state anything to us . ( Roethlisberger and Dickson, 1964: 144 ) As markets become more unpredictable and dynamic, modern-day administrations need to follow labour flexibleness in order to get by with the quickly altering concern environment. It has become standard wisdom that stiff bureaucratic signifiers of administration, characterised by perpendicular hierarchies of authorization, centralization of control and undertaking specializations, are non adoptable or antiphonal plenty to get by with the demands of twenty-first-century capitalist economy ( Wilton, 2011 ) . Main end for all administrations should be the flexibleness and adaptability of its work force in order to cover with the current concern environment. Companies need to do structural alterations as retrenchment and delayering. However, it may hold a profound deduction on workers in footings of occupation content, occupation security and employee motive ( Child and McGrath, 2001 ) . Flexible on the job patterns are introduced for a batch of grounds, associating to fulfilling workers demands and bettering the public presentation of administrations. An expected result of the application of these patterns is the decrease of labor costs. Fleetwood ( 2007 ) says that the ultimate aim of that pattern is: To hold merely the right figure of suited skilled and motivated workers to fit the demands of the productive system at any point in clip and to engage them at rewards that reflect their differing productiveness and when the productive system does non demand all of them, it does non desire them on the premises and does non desire to pay for them. ( 2007:13 ) Human Resource Management is a construct started in 1980s and now it is working in wide manner in the organisations than Personnel Management ( History of Human Resource Managementm, article ) . In the fast moving concern universe, administrations need to follow new patterns in order to get by with all the challenges. HRM patterns help the modern-day organisations to get by with low-skilled employees, turnovers of workers, HP planning, trust generating, labour flexibleness and others. Adopting HRM, companies will forestall holds in production and respectively losingss. Zotefoams achieved the highest net income and productiveness of all the companies taking topographic point in the University of Sheffield research. Their HR patterns included authorising the employees to find work precedences, trade with quality issues and work out daily jobs ( West and Patterson, 1998 ) . If an administration has high aims for its hereafter development, it should restrict to these patterns, or it may disappear as many other companies.

Breach of Covenant That Was Present †Free Samples for Students

In the present case, the facts given in this question revealed the presence of the issue if puters Pty Ltd can successfully sue Systems Pty Ltd for the breach of covenant that was present in the employment contract of Chu with puters Pty Ltd. This issue has arisen as a result of the fact that after his retirement, a pany, Systems Pty Ltd was incorporated by Chu's wife. This pany has been taking on Business Law from the clients of puters Pty Ltd. in NSW while restrictive covenant present in the employment contract of Chu provides that he cannot join any business that petes with the pany for 2 years in NSW. Therefore, it needs to be seen in this case if puters Pty Ltd can take action against Systems Pty Ltd for the breach of this covenant. 1. It appears that in the present case, as soon as Chu took retirement from the pany, he had decided to start a business that was going to pete with puters Pty Ltd. However, in order to fulfill this objective, a pany under the name of Systems Pty Ltd had been formed by Chu's wife. She is the sole director of the pany and also holds all the issues the capital in the pany. This pany is taking the business of puters in New South Wales. The legal principle was provided in Salomon v Salomon according to which it was affirmed that after it's incorporated, generally panies considered as a separate legal entity that is distinct from its shareholders. In this way, the principle of separate legal identity of the corporation has been followed in Anglo Australian panies’ law for more than 100 years. Therefore, when a pany acts, it acts on its own and not simply as alias for the persons controlling the pany (Clarke and Clarke, 2016). In the same way, the shareholders of the corporations cannot be held labor regarding the debts of the corporation beyond the initial capital investment. Similarly, they do not have any proprietary interest in the assets of the pany. In Jones v Lipman (1962), the defendant had entered into a contract for selling his land. However, later on he changed his mind. Therefore, the defendant found the pany and he was the owner/director of this pany. The land was transferred to this corporation and the defendant declined to perform the transaction. As a result, the relief was sought by the plaintiff. In this case, the court stated that the remedy of specific performance can be granted against the contracting vendor, because it was in his authority to force the other person to convey the property in question. Therefore, specific performance was ordered against the director and the pany. The court held that the pany cannot escape or divest itself from the knowledge that has been gained by it through the director. The court stated that the pany was a creature of the controlling director or a device or a mask that the director holds before his face for the purpose of avoiding recognition by equity. However, there are certain circumstances where the court may arrive at the conclusion that the corporate veil needs to be pierced in a particular case. Therefore, while basic principle provides that under the corporation’s law, a pany is treated by the law as having its own separate legal identity. And as a result, it is considered to be distinct from its members. But as time passed by, the courts have e up with several exceptions to the application of this general rule. As a result, now under some circumstances, it is available to the court to set aside the fact that the pany enjoys a separate personality and concludes that the members of the pany can be held responsible for its actions. When such a decision is made by the court, it is said that the court had decided to lift the corporate veil (Khoury and   Yamouni, 2010). The facts of Gilford Motor pany Ltd v Horne (1933) are somewhat similar to the problem given in the present case. In this case, Mr. Horne was working as the managing director of the Gilford Motor pany. After he left the pany, he decided to incorporated his own pany. Therefore, after the entire production of his pany, he started to solicit the clients of Gilford Motor Co. on the other hand, there was a non petition covenant present in his employment contract. Therefore, the issue was if the actions of Mr. Horne's pany can be considered as a breach of the non petition covenant present in his employment contract. However, the court decided that this amounted to the breach of covenant and granting an injunction against Mr. Horne and his pany. In support of its decision, the court stated that the pany incorporated by Horne was merely a cloak that had been used by Horne for the purpose of breaching the non petition covenant. A somewhat similar decision has also been given by the court in J ones v Lipman (1962). Therefore in Gilford Motor Co v Horne, the defendant was the ex-MD of the plaintiff. However, there was a restrictive covenant present in his employment contract. In view of this clause present in the employment contract, he was refrained from joining a business in petition with his former employer. Therefore in order to avoid this covenant, the defendant formed a pany and he tried to transact his business through this pany. Therefore, at the first instance, the court held that this pany has been formed for the purpose of allowing the business to be carried on under the control of the defendant but without injuring the liability for the breach of the covenant. That was present in his employment contract. In this way, the court noted, the reality that this pany was being used by the defendant as a channel through which he was performing his business in breach of the covenant. In such a case, it can be said that the pany has been formed only as a cloak or sham due to the reason that in reality the business was being carried on by Chu. Due to the reason that the restrictive covenant prevented Chu from peting with the business of puters Pty Ltd. whether as principal or, while acting as an agent for another party, it was not relevant if the business belonged to him or the belonged to his wife, provided that the business was being carried on by Chu. The only significance of the interposition of the corporation was to maintain the pretense that the business was being continued by other person. Therefore, in such a case it can be said that there is no doubt on the basis of the present facts that the pany formed by Chu's wife was created for the purpose of acting as a channel through which Chu was going to carry on his business that will pete with the business of puter Pty Ltd. Although under the corporations law , it has been provided that a pany has to be considered as a separate legal entity that is distinct from those who manage the affairs of the pany, but in the present case, it can be said that it was one of the reasons behind the creation of the pany by Chu's wife was the fear that Chu may be held responsible for the breach of the covenant and with the help of the formation of this pany, he may be able to avoid liability if he acted through the pany. On these grounds, it can be said that this pany has been formed merely as a device or a stratagem for the purpose of acting as a mask to effectively carry on the business of Chu. In the present case also, puters Pty Ltd is required to establish in the court that the new pany, Systems Pty Ltd had been formed only with a view to evade the application of the restrictive covenant present in the employment contract of Chu according to which he cannot pete with puters Pty Ltd for a period of two years in New South Wales. Hence the court may decide that the corporate veil should be lifted in this case and the restrictive covenant in the employment contract of Chu needs to be enforced against the pany created by Chu’s wife, Systems Pty Ltd. At the same time, as puters had created a subsidiary pany and the benefit of the restrictive covenant can also be provided to this pany. C Kidd, (1985) ‘Partial Performance o Lump Sum Contracts: Proposals for Reform’, 59 Australian Law Journal 96   Daniel Khoury, Yvonne Yamouni, 2010, Understanding Contract Law, 8 th Edition, LexisNexis Butterworths Jane Swanston, (1981) ‘Discharge of Contracts for Breach’, 13(1) Melbourne University Law Review 69 M Dockray, (2001) ‘Cutter v Powell: A Trip Outside the Text’, 117Law Quarterly Review664; P Clarke, J. Clarke, 2016, Contract Law, mentaries, Cases and Perspectives, 3 rd Edition, Oxford University Press  

The Effect Of Light Intensity On Photosynthesis Of Pondweed Plant Coursework

The Effect Of Light Intensity On Photosynthesis Of Pondweed Plant - Coursework Example Limiting factors are the features, which affect the rate of reaction or control the process depending upon their presence or absence. The law of limiting factor states that,† Those reactions which depend on more than one factors to be favorable, then its rate is limited by least favorable value of its limiting factors. For the reaction to be at optimum speed, all... factors need to be at an optimum stage.† Concentration of CO2 is one of the main limiting factors of the process, after light intensity. Usual concentration of CO2 in the environment is 0.03%, and it does not change much. There are places where more CO2 is present and the rate of Photosynthesis is higher in those areas. The more concentration of CO2 in the surrounding faster will be the process. Temperature is another factor, which affects the rate of the process by influencing the efficiency of the enzymes working in the process. Optimum temperature for photosynthesis is between

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Middle Range Theory Application Research Paper

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Middle Range Theory Application - Research Paper Example The tasks of caring and the promotion of human dignity are the central philosophies on which Swanson’s theory of caring is anchored. Swanson’s theory expands the aspect of nursing beyond the mechanics of professional processes between the caregiver and the patient to incorporate higher levels of commitment and responsibility on the part of the nurse. The caring theory entails a marked departure from conventional and traditional theories such as the medical model, the Nightingale model, and other theories that place the process of nursing within the province of professionalism. This theory acquires its relevance from the fact that it involves fewer concepts. The theory is also considered as user-friendly in the sense that it involves adaptable concepts. The adaptability of its concepts are essentially important in the task of maintaining some substantive approaches towards the management of multiple health challenges. This theory shifts the focus of nursing from the casual skills of the caregiver to the personality, character, and resolve of the individual nurse. The theory of caring promotes a special kind of relationship between the client and the nurse in a way that unites the entire healing process into a meaningful whole. This theory is based on specific aspects of healing that require some inner connection of processes that provide the healing force to the client. This theory distinguishes itself from other theories of nursing in the sense that it infuses some element of behaviorism.... This theory distinguishes itself from other theories of nursing in the sense that it infuses some element of behaviorism within the entire discourse of nursing. The relationship between the nurse and the client is revised to one that captures some aspect of utilitarian kinship between the two. Notably, this theory invents new concepts to incorporate into the aspect of healing. The theory invents the essence of the environment as a complex and fluid environment that determines, to a significant degree, the levels of success in the nursing process. The environment, as defined in this theory, is not limited to the physical essence of the term. The environment, according to Swanson, is situational. It could vary from the definition of an individual to a community. Furthermore, the meaning of the environment could be altered to capture the body of the client as it relates to other parts of the same. On this note, this theory sought to situate the meaning of environment from the convention al sense of the term in order to give broader meaning to the element of value nursing practices. The environment, as understood within this definition, has the potential to affect and be affected by the client. The complexities of nursing are explored as consequences of the interaction between the environment and the nursing process. The processes that determine the nature of professionalism between the nurse and the client must take place in a supportive environment that provides the synergies that operationalize the various aspects of the process. Swanson’s theory lays emphasis on the aspect of informed nursing. In the theory of caring, it is important for

Necessary and possible Essay Example for Free

Necessary and possible Essay Among the countless present that God endowed to men, the gift of life is the most superb of all. Everything around here on Earth is alive, and so it is our task to take good care of this grant. Reflecting on this idea, each of us must act in a way that propagates it, thus making a better world. And so the question stand still, how can we make a better world? Among the many individuals who has answers are Seyyed Hossein Nasr, he recommend two action steps first â€Å"the interiorization of ecological values† second â€Å"to reflect in what I write and what I say the significance of seeing nature as the domain of the sacred. † (1990). He refers on the importance of the environment in sustaining life, which is indeed true because we get all our needs from it in order to survive. Audrey Shenandoah also laid her answers. â€Å"It has to begin with every individual†, (1990). We should learn to give thanks on everything that we have as well as anything that are given to us. Being responsible to manage our life accordingly will result to better lives. On the other hand, Ronald Engel had another answer to the question, â€Å"making new covenant† (1990). We should exercise democracy n everything around us. Sallie Mcfague reply that â€Å"a basic metanoia, repentance, a turning around. Be submissive to Gods will is what she exemplified, furthermore He has plans for each life He create. Trusting and doing what pleases him is the central key in every aspect of our existence. Ismar Schorsch has his own response to the question. â€Å"It is necessary to have a little less self-indulgence. † (1990), we should not have inferiority towards our self for us to be able to move on and have a good living. The Dalai Lama views that, â€Å"We need a certain discipline, contentment, awareness and what I call a sense of responsibility. † (1990). While Rockefeller relates religion in his answer, â€Å"It is necessary and possible to develop ethic of sustainability that will be accepted by all the different religious traditions and by many different cultures of the world† (1990). As a whole, every creature are part of our nature, thus it should start from our self through serving as an example to others and this eventually will lead us to a better world.

The Importance of Mrs. Joe in Great Expectations :: Great Expectations Essays

The Importance of Mrs. Joe in Great Expectations    The importance of Mrs. Joe in Great Expectations has two major parts: the significance of the character, and the symbolism of the character. The significance of Mrs. Joe is to complete the figure of Joe.   The symbolism of Mrs. Joe is the physical manifestation of Joe's fears, in combination with his desire for a commanding father figure. Mrs. Joe's reign of terror is obviously necessary for Joe's existence. In the beginning of Great Expectations, Joe requires identification as a major character. Without the weakness that Mrs. Joe instills in Joe trough her reign of terror, Joe is never able to develop his own character. Joe is identified as a compassionate, sensitive character; the most direct way to display this feature is to have the character appear vulnerable. Mrs. Joe serves as the tyrant for which Joe is made helpless. Joe, unless he is a scared character, does not recognize the friend he has in Pip. Without Joe as a major role in Pip's life, Pip also seems very incomplete.   Mrs. Joe also serves as the comical interlude for an otherwise somber story. When she had exhausted a torrent of such inquiries, she threw a candlestick at Joe, burst into a loud sobbing, got out the dustpan -- which was always a very bad sign -- put on her coarse apron, and began cleaning up to a terrible extent. Not satisfied with a dry cleaning, she took to a pail and scrubbing-brush, and cleaned us out of house and home, (author’s last name and page #) Truly, a frightening creature is that which may destroy a household, by cleaning when anger besets her. The comedy also has a serious side, though, as we remember our mothers exerting their great frustrations upon the household tasks of cleanliness.   So Mrs. Joe serves well as a mother to Pip. Besides the age difference and the motherly duties of housekeeping for Pip and Joe, the attitude of a scornful mother is also apparent. This, of course, draws Joe even closer to Pip, by relation. Mrs. Joe serves as a link to make it possible for Joe to appear the father of Pip. In addition, Joe, although terrified of Mrs. Joe, is a very honorable man and would never consider divorcing her. Joe chooses to preserve the sacred marriage rather than seek his comfort.

Enduring Vision Chapter 30 Notes

Identifications: * Yuppies/VCRs/Three Mile Island * Yuppies: young, urban professionals who wore ostentatious gear such Rolex watches or BMW cars. they came to symbolize the increased pursuit of wealth and materialism of Americans in the 1980s, represented decade of greed, stopped being radical, worried about weight. * VCRs: video cassette recorders became popular in the late 70's that allowed viewers to tape and view later their favorite programs and to rent movies on cassette.As entertainment became privatized, families stayed home with the VCR instead of going to the movies * Three Mile Island: 1979 an accident at the nuclear plant at this location that caused a radiation leak and forced the evacuation of 140,000 people near the site. the story made headlines around the world and seemed to confirm people's fears about nuclear power. * Roe v. Wade/Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)/AIDS/Moral Majority/televangelists * Roe v. Wade: the 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. he decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester * Equal Rights Amendment (ERA): a constitutional amendment originally introduced in congress in 1923 and passed by congress in 1972, stating that â€Å"equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the united states or by any state on account of sex. despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures. DID NOT RATIFY * AIDS: AIDS epidemic in the 1970s made many Americans more cautious in their sexual behavior. * Moral Majority: political organization of the United States which had an agenda of evangelical Christian-oriented political lobbying. Formed by Jerry Falwell. organization made up of conservative C hristian political action committees which campaigned on issues its personnel believed were important to maintaining its Christian conception of moral law. his group pressured for legislation that would ban abortion and ban the states' acceptance of homosexuality. * Televangelists: ministers who would spread their messages via television networks * Gerald R. Ford/WIN/Mayaguez incident/Election of 1976 * Gerald R. Ford: Nixon’s vice president after Agnew resigned; he became the only president never to be elected. Taking office after Nixon resigned, he pardoned Nixon for all federal crimes that he â€Å"committed or may have committed. * WIN: â€Å"Whip Inflation Now† a program by the ford administration to curb inflation and dramatic price increases by putting pressure on businesses to lower prices and deter consumers from hording goods. Did not really work. Start due to OPEC * Mayaguez incident: in May of 1975, Cambodian communists seize the ship Mayaguez and 39 Ameri cans are held hostage. In retaliation the president ordered bombing on Cambodia and the launch of a rescue mission * Election of 1976: Jimmy Carter/democrat vs.Gerald Ford/republican= carter wins * Jimmy Carter/Love Canal/Panama Canal Treaty/SALT II/Iran hostage crisis/Camp David * Jimmy Carter: from Georgia was viewed as a Washington â€Å"outsider† with no political ties and no scandals, people thought he would bring fresh ideas * stressed human rights. because of the soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow. Created the department of energy and the department of education. e was criticized for his return of the panama canal zone * Love Canal: a neighborhood in Niagara falls, New York, which became the subject of national and international attention, controversy, and eventual environmental notoriety following the discovery of 21,000 tons of toxic waste buried beneath the neighborhood * Panama Canal Treaty: 1978 – passed by president carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of panama.Very controversial. The people were not happy. * SALT II: (strategic arms limitation treaty) superpowers pledged to limit nuclear arms production, although signed it was never officially ratified by the American senate * Iran hostage crisis: in November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages’ release. n January 20, 1981, the day carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity * Camp David: peace talks between Egypt and Israel mediated by president carter * they led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the red sea and Suez canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the t wo countries. his isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat’s assassination in 1981 * Ronald Reagan/Reagan Revolution/Reaganomics/deregulation/Contras/Grenada/Beirut bombings * Ronald Reagan: elected president in 1980 and again in 1984. he ran on a campaign based on the common man and â€Å"populist† ideas. Had participated in McCarthy trials. Iran released hostages on his inauguration day in 1980. he used the strategic defense initiative to avoid conflict. his meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the cold war. e was also responsible for the Iran-contra affair which bought hostages with guns * Reagan Revolution: increased defense spending reduced social programs and cut taxes they were based on supply side theory of growing the economy by cutting government interference and taxes. attempt to return America to the traditional values of church, family, and free enterprise * Reaganomics: these policies combined a monetarist fiscal pol icy, supply-side(cut income taxes), and domestic budget cutting. heir goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth, unemployed started going back to work * it included tax breaks for the rich, â€Å"supply-side economics,† and â€Å"trickle down† theory * Deregulation: the lifting of restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities for which government rules had been established and that bureaucracies had been created to administer * Contras: a Nicaraguan rebel group that got financial support from the CIA. his group was formed as a response to the overthrowing of Anastazio Somoza Debayle * Grenada: a small Latin country where a communist government had taken power. Reagan invaded the country in protest of communist expansion, showing that he was not pursuing detente. Beirut bombings: Lebanon 1983: two truck bombs struck separate buildings housing united states and French military forces killing 299 Americans and Fr enchmen – suicide bombers – led to the withdrawal of the international peacekeeping force from Lebanon – Reagan administration was ; is severely criticized for its foreign policy * SDI/Election of 1984/Iran-Contra Affair/Mikhail Gorbachev/START/INF Treaty/Pan Am 103 * SDI: Reagan’s proposed strategic defense initiative (1983), also known as â€Å"star ars,† called for a land- or space-based shield against a nuclear attack. Although SDI was criticized as unfeasible and in violation of the antiballistic missile (ABM) treaty, congress approved billions of dollars for development. * Election of 1984: republican: Ronald Reagan (won in a landslide) democrat: Walter Mondale (running mate: Geraldine Ferraro– first woman candidate). Iran-Contra Affair: president Reagan authorized the off-the-books sale of stolen weapons from the pentagon to Iran in order to fund the Nicaraguan contras; congress had forbidden him to use government funds to support the contras; helped keep Iraq from winning the Iraq-Iran war (did not want a middle eastern superpower); very illegal (Iran was considered a terrorist state) and almost caused Reagan to be impeached * Mikhail Gorbachev: soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the cold war and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms * START: â€Å"Strategic Arms Reduction Talks†, talks between the united states and the soviet union in which reductions in missiles and nuclear warheads, not merely a limitation on increases, were negotiated * INF Treaty: 1987 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union. Signed in Washington, DC. by US. President Ronald Reagan and Gorbachev on December 8, 1987. he treaty eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges, defined as between 500-5,500 km (300-3,400 miles). under the treaty both nations were allowed to inspect each other's military installations * Pan Am 103: 19 88 Libyan terrorist attack on US; destroyed American plane (bomb); worst terrorist attack on us until 9/11 (270 killed) Questions: 1. Which social activist movement of the 1960s continued strongly in the 1970s and 1980s? Why? a. The environmental movement continued strongly in the 1970’s and 1980s. It gained momentum with Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, and the environmental laws of the 1960’s and the start of Earth Day in 1970.The creation of groups such as Sierra Club and Greenpeace, for which membership increased greatly. Campaigns to save animals, plants, and the ocean were launched. In the 1970’s environmentalists attacked the nuclear plants employing rallies and protests. The Three Mile Island incident and the China Syndrome movie also aided in Environment change. b. The woman’s movement also continued strongly. With the Roe v. Wade decision, and the ERA 2. What was the  Roe  v. Wade  decision? Why did it prove to be politically divisive throughout the 1980s and early 1990s? c. Roe v. Wade was the 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional.The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester. d. The decision proved controversial, especially with the Evangelicals who were pro-life. The women, however, responded with Pro-life campaigns, which polls revealed represented the majority of Americans. 3. How did prospects for Native Americans improve in the late 1960s and 1970s? What significant problems continued to plague American Indians? e. Acts of militancy by the Native Americans caused the government to give the native Americans more rights over their lives and the reservations. Pride in being Native grew.The natives also launched business ventures on the reservations, maki ng a lot of doe. They also gained the rights guaranteed in previous treaties. Alcoholism, disease, and high unemployment rates still affected the reservations but they still gained prosperity as a whole. 4. In what ways did religious faith play a more decisive cultural and political role in the 1970s and 1980s? f. The evangelists took on conservative backlash against the radical changes in America. They first made movements against Roe v. Wade which led to the government stopping Medicaid for abortions. It also stopped the passing of the ERA bill. It also retrogressed the gay rights movement. New groups formed with religion and spiritual questioning.The moral majority formed the pro-life, pro-family, pro-moral, and pro-American crusade. Televangelists appeared on TV across the nation reaching millions of viewers. 5. What were the troubles that overwhelmed the Carter administration and prevented Carter's reelection? g. Carter gave the Panama Canal back to Panama. His sheltering of th e Shah in Iran led to the hostage situation in Iran. The Iranians abused the American flag, and had anti-American mobs. Inflation grew sharply worse as a second major oil crisis drove up prices. The Federal Reserve Board pushed the discount rate ever higher. With the cost of both credit and oil so high, economic activity deteriorated to â€Å"stagflation. † Carter’s reign was cursed.

Kafka’s Metamorphosis in Context to His Era Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the major German writers was a Jewish, middle class resident of Prague, a man named Franz Kafka, who wrote disturbing, surreal tales. Writing in both short story and novel form, his work was published posthumously by a friend, Max Brod, who ignored his requests to burn his writings upon his death. Because his friend disobeyed his last request, Kafka’s work has become iconic in western literature, even producing its own connotations.   The term â€Å"Kafkaesque† has come to mean mundane yet absurd and surreal circumstances of the kind commonly found in Kafka’s works (â€Å"Kafka†,1).   Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most widely read and famous of these works concerns a man who wakes up one day and discovers he is an insect. Literally. Known as Die Verwandlung or The Metamorphosis, Kafka wrote this story quickly, completing it between November and December 1912.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because of its bizarre subject   matter, his tale has been subjected to a wide variety of interpretations. Although critics vary widely in those interpretations, the basic story involves a man who awakens in different form: he is now an insect; a â€Å"giant monstrous vermin;† yet all he wants to do is get to work. He has provided for his family and feels the pressure of helping them even now. However, in this new context , he cannot speak with his family members. Judging only by appearances,   his relatives becomes repulsed by him, calling him a burden. Each time he enters to try to be in their midst, they act mean; his father even goes so far as to throw an apple, which subsequently gets infected after it embeds in his back. Although Gregor becomes a veritable prisoner of his dirty, grimy room, his family does provide food and other nourishment-for a time. But they so abhor his appearance and treat him so despicably, that his sister finally declares that   â€Å" that thing must go.† His mother doesn’t even offer a word of protest. Because of his outsider status with his family, Gregor returns to his room one last time; desirous of relieving them of their burden. He lies down. And dies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both the structure and the setting of the story resemble that of a drama. The structure builds dramatically, with a series of three crises, leading to a denouement. Each section of the story has a defined area where the story takes place; a limited space as in plays.   With the exception of Gregor, the other characters are one dimensional.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, Kafka works out of the traditional Aristotelian framework of three acts consisting of a beginning, middle, and end. Yet his style is ordinary. Has he been overrated? His plot is limited in scope, a series of episodes in the life of a character, rather than a full development. The characters are also limited. So what exactly did cause this Kafkan phenomenon?   Kafka dealt with the subject of contradiction and the absurd— with a sense of impotence against the absurd conditions and banalities of the world. Although not attracted to any â€Å"isms’ of thought philosophically, politically, artistically, or religiously, he simply expressed his own soul (Artile, 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite his lack of referencing, the wider world nevertheless laid claim to him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Jews saw him as their own visionary. They were convinced he foresaw the arrival of the Holocaust. Yet Kafka was not a religious Jew, going to synagogue only four times yearly with his father and having a bar mitzvah at age 13. Too absorbed in his personal frustrations to pay much attention to political developments, Kafka could not help becoming cognizant of the increasing xenophobia and anti-Semitism of those around him. He thought that Palestine was a good solution and often talked of moving there to operate a cafà © with his girlfriend Dora. In the midst of the anti-Semitic riots of 1920 Berlin, he said that â€Å"the best course is to leave a place where one is hated† (Strickland, 2). Indeed, his own three sisters all died in concentration camps, a   fate that might also have awaited Kafka had he lived rather than dying of TB in 1924.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Although only a secular Jew, Kafka was nevertheless attracted to Yiddish theatre. The Metamorphosis has many parallels to a classic work of Yiddish theater called The Savage written by Gordin. The son Lemekh in this tale is â€Å"defective† like Gregor Samsa.   Outcasts who horrify, both characters are animal like creatures in decline. The central metaphor of The Metamorphosis corresponds to  Ã‚   Lemekh’s position in his own family. As the housekeeper states, ‘they kill him if he comes in here, so he lies in his own room, days on end, with his eyes open, and stares, like an animal, waiting to be sacrificed’ (Beck, 54).   Ã‚  Ã‚   Beck continues to state that the Oedipal conflict and the larger theme of incest is present in both works because the sons’ love for their mothers and sisters become confused with sexual desire. They become dizzy when they see their parents embrace. When Zelde touches Lemekh, he gets hot. Similarly, Gregor wants to save the picture of the lady in furs, crawling up the glass which soothed his hot body. Crawling shows his acceptance of his animal state- hiding when others enter, fainting- which intensifies the action and shows strong emotion. Lemekh in his iron jacket and Gregor in his armor plated hard back are both imprisoned, and spiritually limited. Gordin’s play warns of the beast in every man hiding beneath his human faà §ade. Kafka’s work also seems to be pointing to the vermin which every man inherently embodies (Beck, 56).   Ã‚  Ã‚   Other groups besides the Jews also embraced Kafka. Psychoanalytic Freudianism and   Existentialism saw reflections of their philosophies in his works. The Freudians saw every range from dreamlike qualities and Oedipal conflicts to symbolic odds and ids. Kafka’s feelings   for his own father reads like a transparent Oedipal story. Many critics were of the opinion that never before had Freud ruled so supremely over a story as he did The Metamophosis (Eggenschwiler, 72).   Ã‚  Ã‚   Existentialism took Kafka to be one of their own .Because he created characters who struggle with hopelessness and absurdity, many in the movement saw him as an icon, while others in the group were disillusioned with the western status quo of the 50s and the 60s. They distorted Kafka by exploiting the heavy atmosphere of his stories, using them as the basis for the need of a more liberal society with less state intervention and more truth for the individual.The existentialists abused truth by portraying a psychotic Kafka, victim of their same angst. The humor and mischief that was so dear to the surrealists that he loved is lost with that existentialist label ( Artile, 7).    One of the most obvious themes of The Metamorphosis concerns society’s treatment of those who are different and   the loneliness of being cut off; the desperate and unrealistic hope that isolation brings (â€Å"Kafka,†3).   Ã‚  Ã‚   In his pain and rejection Gregor Samsa was far from being everyman. And most readers will not be prepared to accept him as a universal symbol. Nevertheless, it is hard to avoid the condition in The Metamorphosis that Kafka was demonstrating; at least at that time; his own despairing, tragicomic vision of the human condition ( Beck, 57).   Ã‚   Kafka’s value will always lie in the inexplicable that it contains. Final understanding will probably remain an   impossibility. The various mid-century groups that took him as their hero never saw the complete picture of his artistic merits or original thought. Although many of his stories are inscrutable and baffling, Kafka himself looked upon his writing and the creativity he produced as a means of redemption (Artile, 7).   Ã‚   Thus his work transcends all the various interpretations that have been forced upon it and stands on its own merits, remaining an important part of the Western canon; work that is timeless. References Artile, G. â€Å"Kafka Work,†2002.   ( Retrieved June 23, 2006). www.kafka.org Bloom, H.ed. Franz Kafka’s the Metamorphosis. New York: Chelsea House, 1988   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Andersen, M. â€Å"Kafka and Sacher Masock.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Beck, E. â€Å"The Dramatic   in Kafka’s Metamorphosis.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Corngold, S. â€Å"Metamorphosis of the Metaphor.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eggenschwile, D. â€Å"die Verlandlung, Freud, and the Chains of Odysseus.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gray, R. â€Å"The Metamorphosis.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Greenberg,   M. â€Å"Gregor Samsa and Modern Spirituality.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pascal, R. â€Å"The Impersonal Narrator of the Metamorphosis.† Kafka, Franz. Selected Short Stories. New York: Modern Library, 1952. â€Å"Kafka,† in Wikipedia 2006. (Retrieved, June 23, 2006). www.enwiki.org/kafka Strickland, Yancey. â€Å"Kafka in Berlin,† (2004). (Retrieved June 23, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.kafka.org.

Free Essays on Primate Evolution

Human evolution, the biological and cultural development of the species Homo Sapiens, or human beings. A large number of fossil bones and teeth have been found at various places throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia. It gives idea of human evolution during past 4 million to 5 million years. From a genome view point, the difference between modern man and the modern apes is only about 2 percent. From a physical viewpoint the greatest difference is in locomotion. The human walks upright, it is generally thought that this came about when the ancient hominid adopted the edge of the forest and plain and adapted to a life under the trees as opposed to in them. Fossil evidence shows that is bipedal adaptation was completed quite early, perhaps as early as four million years ago, long before we do today. Facial feature changes toward the modern appearance came much later. The facial characteristics, of modern man are about 100,000 years old. The faces of earlier hominid were much more apelike. Any mutation must be applied to a DNA coding that already exists. It can not be applied to coding that does not exist. is this a silly statement? No at all. It leads to the way that evolution changes an organism. Mutations a real ways applied to the existing DNA coding. Evolution makes something new out of something that already exists. If a bear becomes distressed in a given environment, it does not sprout wings and fly. Instead, such things as longer legs or claws will be tested. Also, evolution often does not fix the thing that causes a problem, it patches the problem by doing something unrelated. If an organism suffers a mutation that shortens its life so that it has difficulty rearing its children to childbearing age, that mutation will started being culled from the gene pool. Before that mutaion has been completely removed from the gene pool, another mutation may occur which shortens, the ge! station per... Free Essays on Primate Evolution Free Essays on Primate Evolution Human evolution, the biological and cultural development of the species Homo Sapiens, or human beings. A large number of fossil bones and teeth have been found at various places throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia. It gives idea of human evolution during past 4 million to 5 million years. From a genome view point, the difference between modern man and the modern apes is only about 2 percent. From a physical viewpoint the greatest difference is in locomotion. The human walks upright, it is generally thought that this came about when the ancient hominid adopted the edge of the forest and plain and adapted to a life under the trees as opposed to in them. Fossil evidence shows that is bipedal adaptation was completed quite early, perhaps as early as four million years ago, long before we do today. Facial feature changes toward the modern appearance came much later. The facial characteristics, of modern man are about 100,000 years old. The faces of earlier hominid were much more apelike. Any mutation must be applied to a DNA coding that already exists. It can not be applied to coding that does not exist. is this a silly statement? No at all. It leads to the way that evolution changes an organism. Mutations a real ways applied to the existing DNA coding. Evolution makes something new out of something that already exists. If a bear becomes distressed in a given environment, it does not sprout wings and fly. Instead, such things as longer legs or claws will be tested. Also, evolution often does not fix the thing that causes a problem, it patches the problem by doing something unrelated. If an organism suffers a mutation that shortens its life so that it has difficulty rearing its children to childbearing age, that mutation will started being culled from the gene pool. Before that mutaion has been completely removed from the gene pool, another mutation may occur which shortens, the ge! station per...

Corporate Strategies The good and the bad Assignment

Corporate Strategies The good and the bad - Assignment Example This is done by comparing prominent corporations and their strategies, and evaluating the results achieved in order to determine the actual success of the relevant Corporate Strategies. When looking at strategy as an academic field, it becomes clear that it is a relatively new academic discipline. Yet the concept of strategy has an important and high level background arising from the decisions and actions used by military organizations. Historically a countries military decision maker's was well equipped to design battle field strategies in order to gain the upper hand in a battle. This they done by exploiting the weaknesses of the enemies and the opportunities that offer itself during a battle in order to give an army a competitive edge that could ensure a victory. The earliest academic basis for strategy was provided by the fields of economics and organizations theory with relation to the management function. Economic theory emphasizing rationality, predictability and similarity did not fit well with the principals of strategic management, but it did provide an avenue for the beginning in the exploration of the role of management choices and decisions, which was seen as a strategic function. Academics such as Fredrick Taylor (scientific management), Max Weber (Bureaucratic Organizations), and Chester Barnard (administrative functions and the organization as an open system) provided important knowledge about efficient and effective organizations and the role managers played (Coulter. M. 2002. p15). During the late 50's and 60's was a time of questioning the traditional methods of customs and practices, even in management practices. The old ideas of set management principals was gradually being replaced by more contemporary ideas, based on the principal that every organization was different in its functioning, performance and available resources. Although strategy was not yet a separate area of study, a definite framework started emerging that could be used for further exploration and development of organizational strategies. Three books written in the 60's helped to establish organizational strategies as a separate academic field. These were Alfred Chandler's Strategy and Structure (1962); Igor Ansoff's Corporate Strategy (1965): and the Harvard textbook Business Policy: Text and Case (1965) by E.P Learned, C.R. Christensen, K.R Andrews, and W.D. Guth (Coulter. M. 2002. p15). Organizational strategy became an excepted academic field in the 70's and 80's, as scholars studied organizations, managers and their relevant strategies. During this time a dichotomy developed between academics trying to understand how strategies was formed and implemented (process researchers), and those seeking to understand the relationship between strategic choices and performance (content researchers). What became a well accepted fact was that companies with well formulated corporate strategies aligned throughout the business and implemented with vigor and purpose could ensure a huge competitive advantage. An excellent example is two of the retail industries largest competitors Wal-Mart and Kmart, both trying to dominate the market since 1962 when they were

Personal Financial Analysis Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Financial Analysis Plan - Essay Example These financial areas include investment into bonds/stocks, purchasing a real estate, insurance coverage as well as income generating activities. My ultimate aim is to create a portfolio of such assets so that a consistent cash flow is being delivered to me throughout my retirement life. Out of the $100,000/- I would allocate $100,000 to purchase 30 years bonds of a large corporation which can provide return equivalent to the return of 5% to 7% whereas $100,000/- of existing financial resources are going to be invested into the purchase of stocks of a blue-chip company having a history of providing consistent stream of dividends. I also intend to buy a small piece of real estate at the total investment of $250,000 whereas I also intend to purchase an insurance cover which not only pay for my medical expenses but guarantee a consistent annuity amount over the period of retirement life. A bond is a long term security which provides a constant/variable rate of return called coupon over the period of its life besides returning back the investment made into it. Bonds are considered as less risky than the stocks as they guarantee a consistent fixed income over the period of investment and offer priority rights to the bondholders in case of liquidation. They are considered as best financial securities for planning retirement. (Investopedia, 2008). Stocks on the other hand are the shares in a company's equity and holders are given the status of shareholder in the business. They are more risky than bonds because return on them is not variable but also subject to fluctuations into the financial position of the company. Further, from a retirement planning point of view this can be more risky as it is not necessary and obligatory for the company to pay dividends to their shareholders. (Investopedia, 2008). Investing into real estate is now considered as one of the most lucrative form of investment as it not only appreciate in value but also provide a consistent stream of rental income over the contractual period. Insurance covers especially life insurance provide you an opportunity to protect your family in case of your death and after the retirement can also guarantee you a consistent stream of income out of the insurance premium you have accrued over the period of time. (About.com, 2008). Conclusion Preparing for after retirement period is one of the most critical issue in one's life as when approach that phase of your life where you may not be able to work as good as you were able to do in your youth. It is therefore of critical importance that personal financial planning for the future should be strong enough to ensure that all your financial needs are fulfilled. Investing into various real as well as financial assets is an excellent way through which one can plan to achieve a good mix of assets guaranteeing the overall achievement of financial goals of a person. My personal financial